Lots of different cultures have been making coins for millennia. Ancient coins are made of different materials and using different processes than modern coins. Reflecting the culture they came from, ancient coins, just like modern ones teaches you a lot of pretty cool stuff about the history of that culture.

Ancient Roman Coins

About 290 BC Rome began making coins. The value was determined by the weight of the coin as they were made out of whatever metal was handy. Coins at that time were really just a standardized form of barter.

When people began putting images on ancient coins, they initially chose the images of gods. Various world conquerors saw themselves as gods, and began to put their images on ancient coins, as well. Julius Caesar was the first emperor of Rome, and Roman coinage from his time bears his image.

The story of the Roman Empire is told through ancient coins from Rome. They tell you who the emperor was, what was going on, and would be made to commemorate events that were important.

Roman coins are fun to collect because of the history, but also because there are lots of them. Wherever the Roman Empire reached, coins from Rome can be found. Just like today, whenever the empire needed cash to fund a new coliseum or war, they minted more money. Ancient coins from Rome are an inexpensive way to begin collecting ancient coins and are relatively easy to find.

Ancient Chinese Coins

As with everything else, China was minting coins while the Western world was still using pretty rocks for money. Rome used coins as early as 290 BC, but China was minting coins as early as 350 BC. In 250 BC they started using a round, minted coin with a square hole in the middle, and that’s what Chinese coins looked like for 2,100 years.

With each dynasty memorialized in its coinage, Chinese coins tell history also.

Other Ancient Coins

The other ancient empires had their coins, too. There are Scythian coins, Parthian coins, Greek coins, and Babylonian coins. The oldest known coin is the Daric, used in the Persian Empire prior to 500 BC when it was conquered by Alexander the Great, who replaced it with his own coins that had his portrait on them. There may be coins older than that, but we don’t know about them yet. If and when more ancient coins are found, however, they will tell us more about the history of the people who made them.

Ancient Coins, just like modern ones, reflect the culture they came from, and learning about these coins teaches you a lot of pretty cool stuff about the history of that culture. To browse more articles on coins visit, http://www.coins.jsgenterprises.com

Retractable awnings are simple additions to your home that provide additional shade to your deck area. Manufacturers of retractable awnings make advanced awnings which now come in plenty of colors and patterns. Even better, motorized retractable awnings allow you to control everything with a small remote control.

Retractable awnings like this can be opened and closed at the touch of a button. Because they are powered with a small electrical engine, you don’t have to manually crank open the retractable awning each time. Since awnings come in many sizes, you can always find the right model to provide shade for your deck or patio area.

On the other hand, manually powered awnings do the same job as a motorized awning, and will save you money in the meantime. How? Because they do not have the additional cost of a motor, they cost less to manufacture, thus they cost less overall. That means more work for the homeowner, who then has to open and close the awning with a hand crank. But if there is not a need to retract the awning frequently, this option may work out well for you.

Motorized retractable awnings are sold at stores like Wal-Mart, Costco and Lowes. Generally the price is usually good at these retailers, your choice of color and pattern are usually small. Consider a different approach if you are looking for something specific is to search out an awning dealer, or even deal direct with the manufacturer.

When shopping for a custom retractable awning, there are a couple of names that are well known for their product. Probably the name that is the most well known is the Sunsetter brand, with Sunbrella and Durasol being two other well known names. All of these manufacturers offer quality awnings at a fair price. Variety is what the manufacturers are looking to offer, as they can provide you several options as far as colors and patterns.

So consider making your deck a cool place to relax with the ones you love. A sunsetter retractable awning may be the ticket to a more comfortable backyard. By adding a retractable awning, you will beautify your deck with the design or color that matches your house.

How to Decide Whether Aesthetic Facial Plastic Surgery is For You

The pressure to be beautiful and eternally youthful has driven many people to resort to aesthetic facial plastic surgery. Before you make an appointment at your nearest plastic surgery clinic however, you need to really figure out whether aesthetic facial plastic surgery is right for you. As its name suggests, aesthetic facial plastic surgery is done for purely aesthetic reasons. It is often considered a psychological surgery because it largely affects your self-esteem and the way you view yourself. Some women may benefit greatly from plastic surgery and go on to be more confident and have a healthier self-image but there are some factors that you need to take into consideration to know whether it is right for you or not.

Don’t even consider aesthetic facial plastic surgery if you are doing it to please someone else or because someone asked you to do it. Aesthetic facial plastic surgery is a highly personal choice and you should never base your decision on other people. Make sure that the reason you want it is to improve your self-image so you can feel better, not so you can try to improve your relationship or get a better job. It just doesn’t work that way.

Be Aware of the Possibility of Facial Plastic Surgery Risks and Be Realistic

There is always the risk that you could get a botched job. There is also a risk of complications such as blood loss, infection, skin loss, etc. You have to learn about the risks and decide whether you are willing to go through with it despite of it all. You also can’t expect to get aesthetic facial plastic surgery and look like Angelina Jolie. Your doctor may be able to improve your appearance greatly but you have to realize that aesthetic facial plastic surgery has its limitations.

Make Sure the Time is Right For Facial Plastic Surgery

Doctors are reluctant to do aesthetic facial plastic surgery on patients who are depressed or have just gone through a traumatic emotional event. Some people want a quick fix to feel better but getting aesthetic facial plastic surgery simply isn’t a good idea during delicate times like that. You may end up regretting your decision. Also make sure that you are relaxed and have plenty of time to recover. If you are swamped in your personal or professional life, don’t consider getting aesthetic facial plastic surgery because your stress level will have a great effect on how quickly you recover.

So there you have it. While aesthetic facial plastic surgery may not be for everyone, it can be a great option for someone who is emotionally stable and fully aware of the consequences of their decision. Before rushing into an aesthetic facial plastic surgery procedure, keep these factors in mind so you can make your decision with certainty.

The Beautiful Benefits Of A Small Lawn

Although we enjoy tremendously our big meadow-lawn, we also get a great deal of satisfaction from the 12 to 15-foot swath of regular mowed lawn around the house. We have developed some easy procedures for its maintenance. All are in the let’s-keep-it-simple vein.

We cut this strip of lawn each week. We feed it with a 5-10-5 chemical fertilizer in early April, an organic one in mid-summer and again in early September, and that’s it. Our lawn is more “grass” than lawn in the orthodox sense. We have a democratic assortment of grasses in it and a lot of clover. It’s heartening to see the clover in the quick, lush summer periods unfold its myriad furry white flowers, spread its seed, and grow thicker. Some say clover stains clothes and is slippery. But we love the flowers, and sometimes when we most need it we find a four-leaf clover!

Though our lawn is heterogeneous, it pleases us and feels fine to walk on, particularly bare-footed in the morning dew. This is supposed to do something special for you, I forget now just what, but something significant.

Permanently Improve Your Soil

The surest way to success with lawns, as with all parts of the gardening, is to work toward building up the quality of the soil. The slow-acting organic fertilizers do this. Applied midsummer and fall they gradually improve the earth. Among the best are dried ground fish meal, bone meal, pulverized sheep manure and shredded cattle manure, and wood ashes from the fireplace. But in the spring, especially in a new lawn, a quick-acting chemical mixture encourages rapid growth before crab-grass stirs to action. There is another advantage in using chemical fertilizers in the spring. The bacterial action needed to release food elements in an organic fertilizer does not occur until the soil temperature rises above 60 degrees.

Much spring grass growth occurs when the mercury is well below this. The elements in chemical foods are immediately available and promote a quick and welcome early growth. The lawn fertilizer compounds containing urea-form nitrogen are excellent and time-saving too.

The principal of developing a good lawn is to encourage grass growth when weeds are weakest. This means feeding twice a year: in early spring before the perennial weeds really get under way, and in early September when crabgrass and annual weeds have spent their vitality and there are still two months of good-grass growing weather before frost.

Don`t Worry About Weeds

How much weeding you do depends upon your temperament. We make good use of one of the long hollow tubes (Killer Kane is one of the trade names) that contain a liquid weed killer for spot treatment of dandelions and other broad-leaved weeds. Beyond that we do nothing. But if you do pull or spray crabgrass, do it early before it goes to seed. (The seeds can lie dormant in the soil and sprout many years later). So eliminate the crabgrass when young, level the spot and reseed with a good grass immediately. Keep the soil moist until seedlings become established.

Never weed unless it’s really fun. My mother used to love it. In her seventies she’d settle for the afternoon on a cushion beneath a large hat with gloves and a basket. This, she always said, was her golf. Our “golf” is a host of other activities—flying kites, swimming, exploring woods. Well—you should take your golf where you find it, and if it is weeding lawns, more power to you. It really does improve them.

Rolling & Cutting

It does seem rather ridiculous the way we feed our lawns so they will grow, and as soon as they grow we cut—and complain about the need for frequent cutting. But then, a lot of things we humans do seem sort of silly and we keep right on doing them. Actually a vigorously growing lawn is best able to resist diseases and weed invasions.

Small lawns are fine. If you possibly can do so, keep yours small enough so you can enjoy it, with mowing quickly done and never a chore. A strip of green lawn makes a pleasant setting for a home. Looking from the inside out, we find it quiet and inviting. Perhaps a robin on the green is in a tug of war with a large and resisting worm. Or maybe a rabbit darts across. Considered from a distance, a house rising from a frame of lawn looks attractive and the fragrance of newly-cut grass is an additional joy. A lawn is indeed important but, for us, acceptable only if it is a small one. Let the rest be meadow!

Create your own garden retreat.

You should arrange at least some part of your limited garden to provide an area where you can rest and think, a peaceful observation point. I prefer a natural “planted” space instead of the old-fashioned gazebo garden-house structure. Though we all want some gay flowers and brilliant sunshine, we also need the seclusion of a quiet area, a cool reflective private spot. Here you will almost taste the freshness of the air you breathe. You can listen to the mourning doves, and the phoebe—the wind rustling the maple leaves. Smell the warm dry scent of summer, the fragrance of the lilac drifting on the breeze.

Our own private retreat is a cool shady spot—a hillside above the brook. A hillside and a brook are, of course, not essential. They just happened to be there for us.

Bulldozed level, this terrace hideaway is twenty feet long and fourteen wide. Two spreading maples provide shade. We made a small retaining wall about two stones high (three in some places) to hold back the bank on one side, and hold the land up on the other side. A rope hammock is attached at one end to a cedar post, set for the purpose, and at the other end to one of the maples.

Bird and Worm`s Eye View

When you are in the hammock you are sometimes beneath the world and sometimes above it—depending on which side of the hammock you look from. Out one side you look up at the curve of the meadow. The land lies above, and you beneath. Out the other side you are in the greenery of tree tops looking down through leaves to the brook with a totally different perspective. This is, to our way of thinking, a pretty neat trick and it makes the hammock an ever-fascinating place to be.

The terrace-retreat itself is shady, but beyond the limbs of the maples the sun shines. Japanese iris grows in the sun fringing the area where we sit; so does Jacob’s ladder, blooming from May on into July, the violet flowers touched with white, and each stalk of delightful foliage a small green ladder.

On the other side of the terrace a stretch of Dutchman’s breeches spills down a steep rocky bank to the brook edge. The blossoms greet us in late April when the first days of the hammock begin. A pink and a white dogwood add to the shade and beauty. Lilies-of-the-valley (especially for fragrance) cluster beneath; foam flower parades in soft white along the bank; gold thread peeks from the leaves; jack-in-the-pulpit rises in dignity in the lea of the wall; white trillium, bloodroot, and red and yellow wild columbine bloom in succession; blue forget-me-nots and cardinal flowers thrive at the brook’s edge; Virginia bluebells nod their bell-like flowers flanking the terrace up and down the hillside, and maidenhair, cinnamon, and royal ferns grace the area.

Though no pines stand in the vicinity, pine needles cover the terrace floor, for we have access to a fine source of them. Each spring we spread a carpet of fresh and fragrant needles gathered in two old bedspreads dumped in the back of the car and carted home. They contribute a pungent scent, a rich brownness, and a pleasant four-inch-deep rug, soft and resilient to walk upon.

A Place To Call Your Own

Haven’t you some small area of your garden, a remote corner with no sun, an area of trees, a thicket perhaps, even a shady spot where growing things has been difficult? If so, with some pruning, replanning, and possibly additional planting you can create an ideal retreat complete with hammock, simple comfortable outdoor furniture, and possibly a few old stumps of special character. The area can be large or small—really tiny —and still achieve its purpose, still become an inviting spot to while away an hour or a day, a place dedicated not to doing, but to the simple art of being.

Our shady retreat has given us the opportunity to grow some of the loveliest of plants, ferns, some evergreens, certain shrubs, and many flowers. Most shade-loving plants need no special care after they are established.

Mountain laurel is a grand broad-leaved evergreen for the secluded shady area. It wants sandy, peaty soil, always acid (no lime). Rhododendron is another fine flowering evergreen. When you look out the window in winter, rhododendron tells you the temperature. When you see the leaves curled like cigars, it is very, very cold and you had better put on that extra sweater.

Moist & Acid

Azaleas in shades of crimson, pink, flame, white and yellow are especially successful in a woodland setting. Some are fragrant. The plants grow from two to ten feet tall. Acid soil and oak leaf mulch are beneficial. The white fragrant blooms of the swamp azalea open in July, later than the others. It does not need its feet in a swamp to thrive, but do give it shade and rich leaf mold soil.

Other favorite plants for shade are crested iris, countless varieties of native wild violets, and myrtle or periwinkle (Vinca minor). Bleeding heart (the tall variety) and begonias (especially tuberous) add loveliness. Blue phlox is lavender-colored with a meadow scent. Spiderwort has white and blue flowers and spidery gray-green leaves. Each bloom lasts only for a day, but many flowers continually come. Japanese anemone bears sturdy rose-colored blossoms. Mist-flower unfolds furry blue-violet blossoms in autumn, and spreads marvellously.

This shady area provides a splendid summering place for many of the houseplants which will also add a decorative note. Tuberous begonias in tubs will be lovely, and if by chance you are orchid raisers, as we are, here is the dream spot for the orchids to summer. They like morning or afternoon sun, so we hang ours (using cut up re-shaped old wire coat hangers) in the trees at the edges of the area, and set some on the retaining walls where they get sun until about eleven in the morning and again after four in the afternoon.